{"id":2499,"date":"2020-06-27T09:23:12","date_gmt":"2020-06-27T14:23:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/?page_id=2499"},"modified":"2020-07-06T18:47:28","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T23:47:28","slug":"architecture","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"Architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2503\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2503\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbth.com\/history\/332355-palace-of-soviets-ussr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2503\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/architecture\/palacesoviets_med\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?fit=547%2C500&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"547,500\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"PalaceSoviets_med\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?fit=300%2C274&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?fit=547%2C500&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-2503 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?resize=300%2C274\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?resize=300%2C274&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?resize=250%2C229&amp;ssl=1 250w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?resize=50%2C46&amp;ssl=1 50w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?resize=100%2C91&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/06\/PalaceSoviets_med.jpg?w=547&amp;ssl=1 547w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2503\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boris Iofan, Vladimir Shchuko, and Vladimir Gelfriekh. Competition design for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbth.com\/history\/332355-palace-of-soviets-ussr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Palace of Soviets<\/a> (1933)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Although architecture was the last artistic field to undergo Stalinization, the imposition of the new cultural line at the First Congress of Soviet Architects (1937) left an enormous imprint on the country&#8217;s subsequent history.<\/p>\n<p>Literally.<\/p>\n<p>Dedicated to the monumental task of constructing humankind&#8217;s most advanced civilization and determined to showcase their progress to audiences at home and abroad, Party officials embraced architectural monumentalism as a means of demonstrating their ability to achieve modernization. Built \u201cto reflect the power and greatness of the constructors of socialism, and to strengthen the faith of the working class in victory by organizing its will and consciousness for struggle and labor,\u201d stupendously large buildings communicated the Party&#8217;s success in conquering space and time by enjoining ideology and aesthetics with advanced technology. Comparable to the great cathedrals of the Middle Ages, these grandiloquent icons of the dawning socialist future served as beacons of the Party&#8217;s transcendent power, inspiring both awe and a sense of purpose among ordinary believers, while providing the state impetus for the acquisition of cutting-edge methods and machinery.<\/p>\n<p>First epitomized in the unrealized design for a &#8220;Palace of Soviets&#8221; (1933) to house the world Communist movement, monumental scale became the defining characteristic of the Stalinist cityscape immediately following the Great Patriotic War. Between 1946 and 1953, the colossalist impulse in architecture became manifest in concrete and steel via the so-called &#8220;Stalin skyscrapers&#8221; (\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438) or, more colloquially, &#8220;Seven Sisters.&#8221; The largest buildings Europe had ever seen, these structures provided physical evidence of the USSR\u2019s ability to surpass the Western powers and to call into being the Communist kingdom to come.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-square tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"1218\" data-carousel-extra='{&quot;blog_id&quot;:7,&quot;permalink&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/spoke-network.org\\\/courses\\\/stalinism\\\/architecture\\\/&quot;,&quot;likes_blog_id&quot;:97805816}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 1218px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"1218\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/architecture\/palace-of-soviets_1933\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2613\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,823\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Palace of Soviets (1933)\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Palace of Soviets. Competition Design (1933) Architects: Boris Iofan, Vladimir Shchuko, and Vladimir Gelfriekh.&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg?fit=300%2C274&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg?fit=900%2C823&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1933.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=300%2C300 900w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Palace of Soviets (1933)\" alt=\"1933 design for the Palace of Soviets\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Palace of Soviets. Competition Design (1933) <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/palace-of-soviets_1946\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2614\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,607\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Palace of Soviets (1946)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg?fit=300%2C202&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg?fit=900%2C607&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=300%2C300 900w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Palace of Soviets (1946)\" alt=\"Palace of Soviets (1946 variant)\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Palace of Soviets (1946 variant) <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/palace-of-soviets_1946_2\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2616\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,592\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Palace of Soviets on site\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Watercolor drawing of the 1946 version of the Palace of Soviets at its proposed location in Moscow.&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg?fit=300%2C197&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg?fit=900%2C592&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_1946_2.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=300%2C300 900w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Palace of Soviets on site\" alt=\"Watercolor depicting the Palace of Soviets in central Moscow\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Palace of Soviets (1946 variant) <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/lenin_pos\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2615\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Lenin_PoS.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"648,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Lenin atop the Palace of Soviets\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;The statue of Vladimir Lenin intended to be placed atop the Palace of Soviets would have been just over 508 ft tall (155 m) &amp;#8211; more than three times the height of the American Statue of Liberty (150 ft \/ 46 m) and just over 6.5 times the height of Vera Mukhina&amp;#8217;s iconic 1937 statue &amp;#8220;Worker and Collective Farmer&amp;#8221; (76 ft \/ 24.3 m) &lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Lenin_PoS.jpg?fit=194%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Lenin_PoS.jpg?fit=648%2C1000&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Lenin_PoS.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Lenin_PoS.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Lenin_PoS.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Lenin_PoS.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Lenin_PoS.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Lenin atop the Palace of Soviets\" alt=\"Image depicting the comparative sizes of the Lenin status intended for atop the Palace of Soviets and the Statue of Liberty\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Lenin Statue intended for the Palace of Soviets <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 1218px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"1218\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/palace-of-soviets_imagined\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2617\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,702\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Palace of Soviets imagined\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;A photoshopped image depicting the Palace of Soviets in contemporary Moscow.&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg?fit=300%2C234&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg?fit=900%2C702&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Palace-of-Soviets_imagined.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=300%2C300 900w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Palace of Soviets imagined\" alt=\"Photoshopped image depicting the Palace of Soviets in contemporary Moscow\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Palace of Soviets (imagined) <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/kotelnicheskaia-embankment\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2618\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png\" data-orig-size=\"1000,750\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Kotel&amp;#8217;nicheskaia Embankment\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Kotel&amp;#8217;nicheskaia Embankment Building (1947-1952) Architects: Dmitrii Chichulin and Leonid Rostkovskii&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png?fit=300%2C225&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png?fit=1000%2C750&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kotelnicheskaia-Embankment.png?zoom=3&amp;resize=300%2C300 900w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Kotel&#039;nicheskaia Embankment\" alt=\"Photo of the Kotel&#039;nicheskaia Embankment Building\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Kotel&#8217;nicheskaia Embankment Building <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/samsung-digital-camera\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2619\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,746\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4.4&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NV11, VLUU NV11&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;SAMSUNG DIGITAL CAMERA&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1285060994&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;7.8&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;80&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.00066666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;SAMSUNG DIGITAL CAMERA&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Moscow State University\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Moscow State University (Main Building) (1949-1953) Architect: Lev Rudnev&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg?fit=300%2C224&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg?fit=1000%2C746&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/MGU.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=300%2C300 900w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Moscow State University\" alt=\"Photo of Moscow State University\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Moscow State University <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/ministry-of-foreign-affairs\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2620\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,667\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 1000D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1284655857&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;18&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.04&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Ministry of Foreign Affairs\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building (1948-1953) Architects: Vladimir Gelfreikh and Adolf Minkus&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg?fit=300%2C200&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg?fit=1000%2C667&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=300%2C300 900w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Ministry of Foreign Affairs\" alt=\"Photo of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 1218px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"1218\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/red-gates\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2621\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Red-Gates.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"796,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;3.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;DSC-V3&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1180783651&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;11.8&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.001&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Red Gates\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Building on Red Gates Square (1947-1953) Architect: Aleksei Dushkin&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Red-Gates.jpg?fit=239%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Red-Gates.jpg?fit=796%2C1000&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Red-Gates.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Red-Gates.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Red-Gates.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Red-Gates.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Red-Gates.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Red Gates\" alt=\"Photo of the Building on Red Gates Square\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Building on Red Gates Square <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/moscow\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2622\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1610,1409\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;7.1&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;DSC-RX100&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Leningradskaya Hotel, view from Komsomolskaya Square&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1368966576&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Sergey Ashmarin&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;10.4&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;125&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0025&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Moscow&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Leningradskaia Hotel\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Leningradskaia Hotel (1949-1954) Architect: Leonid Poliakov &lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg?fit=300%2C263&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg?fit=1024%2C896&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Leningradskaia-hotel.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=300%2C300 900w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Leningradskaia Hotel\" alt=\"Photo of the Leningradskaia Hotel\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Leningradskaia Hotel <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/kudrinskaya_square\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2623\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kudrinskaya_Square.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"668,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Kudrinskaya_Square\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Building on Kudrinskaia Square (1950-1954) Architects: Mikhail Posokhin and Ashot Mndoyants&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kudrinskaya_Square.jpg?fit=200%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kudrinskaya_Square.jpg?fit=668%2C1000&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kudrinskaya_Square.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kudrinskaya_Square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kudrinskaya_Square.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kudrinskaya_Square.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Kudrinskaya_Square.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Kudrinskaya_Square\" alt=\"Photo of the Building on Kudrinskiaia Square\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Building on Kudrinskaia Square <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gallery-group\" style=\"width: 304px; height: 304px;\" data-original-width=\"304\" data-original-height=\"304\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item \" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/hotel-ukraine\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"300\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"300\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"2624\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Hotel-Ukraine.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"750,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Hotel Ukraine\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Hotel Ukraine (1947-1957) Architects: Arkady Mordvinov and Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Hotel-Ukraine.jpg?fit=225%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Hotel-Ukraine.jpg?fit=750%2C1000&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Hotel-Ukraine.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300&#038;crop=1&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Hotel-Ukraine.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Hotel-Ukraine.jpg?resize=270%2C270&amp;ssl=1 270w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Hotel-Ukraine.jpg?resize=230%2C230&amp;ssl=1 230w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/spoke-network.org\/courses\/stalinism\/files\/2020\/07\/Hotel-Ukraine.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=300%2C300 600w\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"300\" data-original-height=\"300\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Hotel Ukraine\" alt=\"Photo of the Hotel Ukraine\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 300px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Hotel Ukraine <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Although architecture was the last artistic field to undergo Stalinization, the imposition of the new cultural line at the First Congress of Soviet Architects (1937) left an enormous imprint on the country&#8217;s subsequent history. Literally. 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